Composite Springs for Mooring Tensioners: A Systematic Review of Material Selection, Fatigue Performance, Manufacturing, and Applications

Ocean energy is an underutilized renewable source compared with hydropower and wind power. Therefore, the development of economical efficient wave converters (WECs) important crucial for offshore power generation. The mooring tensioner a critical device that can be used in point-absorber-type WECs, semisubmersible floats oil gas drilling, floating turbines. A system to create, reduce, or maintain tension within lines by applying force line. Composite springs as tensioners have several advantages metal springs, such corrosion resistance, high specific strain energy, appropriate fatigue performance, ability flexibly adjust spring constant without changing overall dimensions. This paper reviews detail seawater durability, manufacturing methods different composite materials well current potential applications composites springs. In addition, recommendations future research opportunities are presented.